The S100 protein was first discovered in bovine brain tissue [1], and was named for the 100% solubility of the protein in neutral saturated ammonium sulphate.The S100 protein is an EF chiral (helix-loop-helix) calcium-binding protein with a molecular weight of approximately 20 KD, and at least 21 members of the S100 family of proteins have been identified [2] . The S100 is composed of an A1 and a B dimer of two subunits, S100A1B mainly in glial cells, and S100BB mainly in glial cells and Schwann cells.S100A1B and S100BB are often collectively referred to as S100B. Serum assays for S100B have been shown to have significance in the follow-up and prognosis of the course of melanoma, as well as in brain tissue damage [3-6].
In malignant melanoma, S100 (particularly S100B) serves as a core immunohistochemical biomarker to assist pathological diagnosis, differentiate melanoma from other cutaneous tumors, and predict disease progression and prognosis [7]. For acute brain injury, serum S100β is a sensitive and early indicator that reflects the severity of glial cell damage and blood-brain barrier disruption, aiding in injury stratification and prognostic evaluation [8]. Dynamic monitoring of S100 protein levels assists clinicians in assessing therapeutic responses, guiding clinical interventions, and predicting adverse outcomes in both malignant melanoma and acute brain injury [9].
1. Moore BW.A soluble protein characteristic of the nervous system. Biochem BiophysResCommun. 1965 Jun 9;19(6):739-44.
2. Shaw GS, Marlatt NM, Ferguson PL, et al. Identification of adimeric intermediate in the unfolding pathway for the calcium-binding protein S100B.J Mol Biol. 2008 Oct 17; 382(4):1075-88.
3. Takahashi K, Isobe T, Ohtsuki Y, et al. Immunohistochemical study on the distribution of alpha and beta subunits of S-100 protein in human neoplasm and normal tissues. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol Incl Mol Pathol. 1984; 45(4):385-96.
4. Zimmer DB, Cornwall EH, Landar A, et al. The S100 protein family: history, function, and expression. Brain Res Bull. 1995; 37(4):417-29.
5. Mårtenson ED, Hansson LO, Nilsson B, et al. Serum S-100b protein as a prognostic marker in malignant cutaneous melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 2001Feb 1; 19(3):824-31.
6. Ingebrigtsen T, Romner B, Marup-Jensen S, et al. The clinical value of serum S-100 protein measurements in minor head injury: a Scandinavian multicentre study. Brain Inj. 2000 Dec; 14(12):1047-55.
7. Astrand R, et al. Clinical Use of the Calcium-Binding S100B Protein, a Biomarker for Head Injury. Methods Mol Biol. 2019;1929:679-690.
8. Zhang Y, et al. S100 protein family and its application in clinical practice. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2015;8(6):6059-6068.
9. Undén J, et al. A review of the clinical utility of serum S100B protein levels in the assessment of traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2018;32(13):1617-1629.
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