As an important biological marker of autoimmune disease, anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) is a broad and basic group of autoantibodies for clinical application [1]. The nucleus is an important structural site where ANA target antigen is located, so ANA refers to the general name of autoantibodies against nuclear antigen components [2] . With the improvement of detection techniques, especially the widespread use of cultured cell antigen matrix (such as HEp-2 cells), the definition of ANA has been extended to the general term of autoantibodies targeting various components of eukaryotic cells (including nucleus, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton protein and cell division cyclin, etc.) [3]. Currently, ANA antigens widely used include Scl-70, Sm, nRNP/Sm, SS-A/Ro, SS-B, Jo-1, dsDNA, ribosome P-protein, histone, CENP-B, etc.
Anti-SS-B IgG is a kind of autoantibodies, mainly seen in the blood of patients with Sjgren's Syndrome (SS) and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) with a positive rate of 10%-15% [4].
Anti-Sm IgG is only found in the serum of SLE patients, with a specificity of 99%, but a sensitivity of only 5%-30%, which is often used as one of the basis for the diagnosis of SLE. The detection of anti-Sm IgG is mainly used to assist in the diagnosis of SLE [1].
Anti-ribosomal P protein (Rib P) IgG is a specific antibody for SLE and rarely occurs in other diseases and normal people. Studies have shown that anti-rib P are closely related to neuropsychiatric damage in lupus erythematosus, liver damage and nephritis in SLE patients, and disease activity in SLE [5].
Anti-SS-A/Ro IgG and anti-Ro52 are one of the common autoantibodies, which are commonly seen in sjogren's syndrome (SS). As the important serological diagnostic markers of SS, they have been included in the diagnostic guidelines of SS [6,7].
Anti-Scl-70 is the specific antibody of Systemic sclerosis (SSc) [8] . In 2013, the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) and the European League Against Rheumatology (EULAR) jointly developed a new SSc Class standard that emphasizes the importance of anti-Scl-70 in the diagnosis of SSc and is currently widely used in clinical and scientific research.
Anti-Jo-1 is a kind of antinuclear antibody, and it is also one of the more common myositis-specific antibodies. The essence of its target antigen is histidine-tRNA synthetase, which mainly exists in the cytoplasm [9.10].
Anti-dsDNA IgG has a high diagnostic specificity for SLE, especially a very high positive rate in the serum of patients with active SLE, and is considered as an important diagnostic basis for SLE [11,12].
Anti-nRNP/Sm IgG belongs to the anti-ENA . It can be seen in 35%-45% of SLE patients and 95%-100% of mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) patients, and is a diagnostic marker of MCTD [10,13].
[1] Tan E, Cohen A, Fries J, et al. The 1982 revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosis[J]. Arthritis Rheum 1982;25:1271-1277.
[2] Aringer M, Johnson S R. Classifying and diagnosing systemic lupus erythematosus in the 21st century[J]. Rheumatology, 2020, 59(Supplement_5):v4-v11.
[3] Lecaa B, Jd C, Dvd E , et al. Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) as a criterion for classification and diagnosis of systemic autoimmune diseases[J]. Transl Autoimmun. 2022. Jan 19;5:100145.
[4] Paolo Bini, Jia-Li Chu,et al.The American Society for Clinical Investigation.Analysis of Autoantibodies to Recombinant La (SS-B) Peptides in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Primary Sjogren's Syndrome. 1990:352-333.
[5] Hirardello A et al. Autoantibodies to ribosomal P proteins in systemic lupus erythematosus.[J].
[6] Renato T, Nicola B, Elio T, et al. Guidelines for the laboratory use of autoantibody tests in the diagnosis and monitoring of autoimmune rheumatic diseases.[J]. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 2002(2):316-24.
[7] S C Shiboski,C H Shiboski, et al. American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for Sjogren's syndrome: a data-driven, expert consensus approach in the Sjogren's International Collaborative Clinical Alliance Cohort.[J]. Arthritis care & research,2012,64(4).
[8] 1 Basu D, Reveille J D. Anti-scl-70[J]. Autoimmunity, 2005, 38(1): 65-72.
[9] S. Zampieri, A. Ghirardello, L. Iaccarino, et al. Anti-Jo-1 Antibodies[J]. Autoimmunity, 2005, 38: 73-8.
[10] NCCLS. 2012. EP17-A2. Evaluation of Detection Capability for Clinical Laboratory Measurement Procedures; Approved Guideline-Second Edition.
[11] Martin Herrmann. Preferential recognition of specific DNA motifs by anti-double-stranded DNA autoantibodies; Eur. J. Immunol. 1995.25: 1807-1904.
[12] Barry Ginsberg and Harold Keiser.A Millipore Filter Assay for Antibodies to Native DNA in Sera of Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Arthritis and Rheumatism,Vol.16,No. 2 (March-April 1973).
[13] Migliorini P, Baldini C, Rocchi V, et al. Anti-Sm and anti-RNP antibodies[J]. Autoimmunity, 2005, 38(1):47-54.
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